The foregoing notwithstanding, the total of the payments made to Executive pursuant to [Sections 3.3 and 3.5] shall be reduced to the extent that the payment of such amount would cause Executive’s total termination benefits (as determined by the Company’s tax advisor) to constitute an “excess” parachute payment under Section 280G of the Code and thereby subject Executive to an excise tax under Section 4999(a) of the Code, but only if Executive determines that the after-tax value of the termination benefits calculated with the foregoing reduction exceeds the value of the termination benefits calculated without the such reduction. Any such reduction shall be reduce the cash payments otherwise to be made to Executive in reverse chronological order.

3.1If all, or any portion, of the payments and benefits provided under this Agreement, if any, either alone or together with other payments and benefits which the Executive otherwise receives or is entitled to receive from the Company or its affiliates (collectively, the “Total Payments”) would constitute an excess “parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code (whether or not under an existing plan, arrangement or other agreement) and would result in the imposition on the Executive of an excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), then the Executive shall be paid or provided, as the case may be, the Total Payments unless the after-tax amount that would be retained by the Executive (after taking into account any and all applicable federal, state and local excise, income or other taxes payable by the Executive, including the Excise Tax) is less than the after-tax amount that would be retained by the Executive (after taking into account any and all applicable federal, state and local excise, income or other taxes payable by the Executive, other than the Excise Tax) if the Executive were instead to be paid or provided, as the case may be, the maximum amount of the Total Payments that the Executive could receive without being subject to the Excise Tax (the “Reduced Payments”), in which case the Executive shall be entitled only to the Reduced Payments. After-tax amounts under this [Section 3.1] shall be calculated at the highest marginal individual income tax rate as set forth in the Code as in effect at the time of employment termination, subject to any adjustment that the [[Unknown Identifier]] Firm (as defined in [Section 3.2] below) deems appropriate to reflect the phase out of any deductions, exclusions or exemptions with respect to compensation payable to the Executive by the Company.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if any portion of the Termination Payment or any other payment under this Agreement, or under any other agreement with or plan of the Company or the Employer (in the aggregate “Total Payments”), would constitute an “excess parachute payment,” then the Total Payments to be made to the Executive shall either be # paid in full or # reduced such that the value of the aggregate Total Payments that the Executive is entitled to receive shall be One Dollar ($1) less than the maximum amount which the Executive may receive without becoming subject to the tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code (or any successor provision) (the “Excise Tax’) or which the Company may pay without loss of deduction under Section 280G(a) of the Code (or any successor provision), whichever of clause (A) or (B) results in the receipt by the Executive of the greatest benefit on an after-tax basis (taking into account applicable federal, state and local taxes and the Excise Tax). In the event that clause (B) results in a greater after-tax benefit to the Executive, payments or benefits included in the Total Payments shall be reduced or eliminated by applying the following principles, in order: # the payment or benefit with the higher ratio of the parachute payment value to present economic value (determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions) shall be reduced or eliminated before a payment or benefit with a lower ratio; # the payment or benefit with the later possible payment date shall be reduced or eliminated before a payment or benefit with an earlier payment date; and # cash payments shall be reduced prior to non-cash benefits; provided that if the foregoing order of reduction or elimination would violate Code [Section 409A], then the reduction shall be made pro rata among the payments or benefits included in the Total Payments (on the basis of the relative present value of the parachute payments). For purposes of this Agreement, the terms “excess parachute payment” and “parachute payments” shall have the meanings assigned to them in Section 280G of the Code (or any successor provision), and such “parachute payments” shall be valued as provided therein. Present value for purposes of this Agreement shall be calculated in accordance with Section 1274(b)(2) of the Code (or any successor provision). Within sixty days following delivery of the Notice of Termination or notice by the Company to the Executive of its belief that there is a payment or benefit due the Executive which will result in an excess parachute payment as defined in Section 280G of the Code (or any successor provision), the Executive and the Company, at the Company’s expense, shall obtain the opinion (which need not be unqualified) of nationally recognized tax counsel selected by the Company’s independent auditors and acceptable to the Executive in the Executive’s sole discretion, which sets forth # the amount of the Base Period Income, # the amount and present value of Total Payments before any reduction, # the amount and present value of any excess parachute payments, # the Excise Tax on any excess parachute payments, # payments or benefits to be included in Total Payments, # the after-tax value of the Total Payments if the reduction in Total Payments contemplated under [clause (B) of this Section 8(a)(ii)] did not apply, and # the after-tax value of the Total Payments taking into account the reduction in Total Payments contemplated under [clause (B) of this Section 8(a)(ii)]. As used in this Section 8(a)(ii), the term “Base Period Income” means an amount equal to the Executive’s “annualized includable compensation for the base period” as defined in Section 280G(d)(1) of the Code (or any successor provision). For purposes of such opinion, the value of any noncash benefits or any deferred payment or benefit shall be determined by the Company’s independent auditors in accordance with the principles of [Sections 280G(d)(3) and (4)])] of the Code (or any successor provisions), which determination shall be evidenced in a certificate of such auditors addressed to the Company and the Executive. Such opinion shall be dated as of the Termination Date and addressed to the Company and the Executive and shall be binding upon the Company and the Executive. If such counsel so requests in connection with the opinion required by this Section, the Executive and the Company shall obtain, at the Company’s expense, and the counsel may rely on in providing the opinion, the advice of a firm of recognized executive compensation consultants as to the reasonableness of any item of compensation to be received by the Executive. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions of this Section 8(a)(ii), including the calculations, notices and opinions provided for herein, shall be based upon the conclusive presumption that the following are reasonable: # the compensation and benefits provided for in Section 5 and # any other compensation, including but not limited to the Accrued Benefits, earned prior to the Termination Date by the Executive pursuant to the Company’s compensation programs if such payments would have been made in the future in any event, even though the timing of such payment is triggered by the Change in Control or the Termination Date. If the provisions of [Sections 280G and 4999]9] of the Code (or any successor provisions) are repealed without succession, then this Section 8(a)(ii) shall be of no further force or effect.

If all, or any portion, of the payments and benefits provided under this Agreement, if any, either alone or together with other payments and benefits which the Executive otherwise receives or is entitled to receive from the Company or its affiliates (collectively, the “Total Payments”) would constitute an excess “parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code (whether or not under an existing plan, arrangement or other agreement) and would result in the imposition on the Executive of an excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), then the Executive shall be paid or provided, as the case may be, the Total Payments unless the after-tax amount that would be retained by the Executive (after taking into account any and all applicable federal, state and local excise, income or other taxes payable by the Executive, including the Excise Tax) is less than the after-tax amount that would be retained by the Executive (after taking into account any and all applicable federal, state and local excise, income or other taxes payable by the Executive, other than the Excise Tax) if the Executive were instead to be paid or provided, as the case may be, the maximum amount of the Total Payments that the Executive could receive without being subject to the Excise Tax (the “Reduced Payments”), in which case the Executive shall be entitled only to the Reduced Payments. After-tax amounts under this Section 3.1 shall be calculated at the highest marginal individual income tax rate as set forth in the Code as in effect at the time of employment termination, subject to any adjustment that the [[Unknown Identifier]] Firm (as defined in [Section 3.2] below) deems appropriate to reflect the phase out of any deductions, exclusions or exemptions with respect to compensation payable to the Executive by the Company.

In no event shall the payments or benefits to be made or provided to Executive under Section 3 hereof (the “Termination Benefits”) constitute an “excess parachute payment” under Section 280G of the Code or any successor thereto, and in order to avoid such a result, Termination Benefits will be reduced, if necessary, to an amount, the value of which is one dollar ($1.00) less than an amount equal to three (3) times Executive’s “base amount,” as determined in accordance with Section 280G of the Code. The reduction of the Termination Benefits provided by this Section 3 shall be applied to the cash severance benefits otherwise payable under Section 3(a) hereof.

Reduction of Severance Benefits. If any payment or benefit that Executive would receive from the Company or any other party whether in connection with the provisions in this Agreement or otherwise (the “Payments”) would # constitute a “parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and # but for this sentence, be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), then the Payments will be either delivered in full, or delivered as to such lesser extent that would result in no portion of the Payments being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income taxes and the Excise Tax, results in Executive’s receipt, on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of Payments, notwithstanding that all or some of the Payments may be subject to the Excise Tax. If a reduction in Payments is made in accordance with the immediately preceding sentence, the reduction will occur, with respect to the Payments considered parachute payments within the meaning of Code [Section 280G], in the following order: # reduction of cash payments in reverse chronological order (that is, the cash payment owed on the latest date following the occurrence of the event triggering the Excise Tax will be the first cash payment to be reduced); # cancellation of equity awards that were granted “contingent on a change in ownership or control” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code in the reverse order of date of grant of the equity awards (that is, the most recently granted equity awards will be cancelled first); # reduction of the accelerated vesting of equity awards in the reverse order of date of grant of the equity awards (that is, the vesting of the most recently granted equity awards will be cancelled first); and # reduction of employee benefits in reverse chronological order (that is, the benefit owed on the latest date following the occurrence of the event triggering the Excise Tax will be the first benefit to be reduced). In no event will Executive have any discretion with respect to the ordering of Payment reductions. Executive will be solely responsible for the payment of all personal tax liability that is incurred as a result of the payments and benefits received under this Agreement, and neither the Company nor any parent, subsidiary or other affiliate of the Company have any responsibility, liability or obligation to reimburse, indemnify or hold harmless Executive for any of those payments of personal tax liability.

[Section 280G] Payments. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, if the Executive is a “disqualified individual” (as defined in Section 280G(c) of the Code), and the payments and benefits provided for in this Agreement, together with any other payments and benefits which the Executive has the right to receive from the Company or any other person, would constitute a “parachute payment” (as defined in Section 280G(b)(2) of the Code), then the payments and benefits provided for in this Agreement shall be either # reduced (but not below zero) so that the present value of such total amounts and benefits received by the Executive from the Company and/or such person(s) will be $1.00 less than three (3) times the Executive’s “base amount” (as defined in Section 280G(b)(3) of the Code) and so that no portion of such amounts and benefits received by the Executive shall be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code or # paid in full, whichever produces the better “net after-tax position” to the Executive (taking into account any applicable excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code and any other applicable taxes). The reduction of payments and benefits hereunder, if applicable, shall be made by reducing, first, payments or benefits to be paid in cash hereunder in the order in which such payment or benefit would be paid or provided (beginning with such payment or benefit that would be made last in time and continuing, to the extent necessary, through to such payment or benefit that would be made first in time) and, then, reducing any benefit to be provided in-kind hereunder in a similar order. Nothing in this Section 4 shall require the Company to be responsible for, or have any liability or obligation with respect to, the Executive's excise tax liabilities under Section 4999 of the Code.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or any other plan, arrangement or agreement to the contrary, if any of the payments or benefits received or to be received by Executive (including, without limitation, any payment or benefits received in connection with a Change in Control or Executive’s termination of employment, whether pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other plan, arrangement, or agreement, or otherwise) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and will be subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), the Company shall either # reduce (but not below zero) such payments or benefits received or to be received by Executive so that the aggregate present value of the payments and benefits received by Executive is $1.00 less than the amount which would otherwise cause Executive to incur an Excise Tax, or # be paid in full, whichever results in the greatest net after-tax payment to Executive.

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement or the Bonus Agreement, if any payment or benefit received or to be received by the Executive (including any payment or benefit received in connection with a change in control or the termination of the Executive’s employment, whether pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, the Bonus Agreement, or any other plan, arrangement, or agreement) (all such payments and benefits, including the Severance Payments, being hereinafter referred to as the “Total Payments”) would constitute an “excess parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code that would be subject (in whole or part), to any excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), then, after taking into account any reduction in the Total Payments provided by reason of Section 280G of the Code in such other plan, arrangement, or agreement, the Total Payments shall be reduced to the extent necessary so that no portion of the Total Payments is subject to the Excise Tax but only if # the net amount of such Total Payments, as so reduced (and after subtracting the net amount of federal, state, and local income taxes on such reduced Total Payments and after taking into account the phaseout of itemized deductions and personal exemptions attributable to such reduced Total Payments) is greater than or equal to # the net amount of such Total Payments without such reduction (but after subtracting the net amount of federal, state, and local income taxes on such Total Payments and the amount of Excise Tax to which the Executive would be subject in respect of such unreduced Total Payments and after taking into account the phaseout of itemized deductions and personal exemptions attributable to such unreduced Total Payments). If a reduction in the Total Payments is necessary pursuant to this Section 24(a), then the reduction shall occur by first reducing the payments due under the Bonus Agreement as provided for in the Bonus Agreement, and then reducing the payments due hereunder, beginning with the Severance Payment, then by reducing the any other amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement, and finally by reducing the accelerated vesting of equity awards (based on the reverse order of the date of grant).

[Section 280G]. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, in the event that the payments and benefits provided pursuant to this Agreement, together with all other payments and benefits received or to be received by Executive (“Payments”), constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Code [Section 280G], and, but for this Section 4, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Code [Section 4999] (the “Excise Tax”), then the Payments shall be made to Executive either # in full or # as to such lesser amount as would result in no portion of the Payments being subject to the Excise Tax (a “Reduced Payment”), whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account applicable federal, state and local income taxes and the Excise Tax, results in Executive’s receipt on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of the Payments may be subject to the Excise Tax. If a Reduced Payment is to be made under this section, reduction of Payments will occur in the following order: reduction of cash payments, then cancellation of equity-based payments and accelerated vesting of equity awards, and then reduction of employee benefits. If accelerated vesting of equity awards is to be reduced, such acceleration of vesting will be cancelled in the reverse order of the date of grant. In the event that cash payments or other benefits are reduced, such reduction shall occur in reverse order beginning with the payments and benefits which are to be paid furthest away in time. All determinations required to be made under this Section 4 (including whether any of the Payments are parachute payments and whether to make a Reduced Payment) will be made by an independent accounting firm selected by the Company. For purposes of making the calculations required by this section, the accounting firm may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonably, good faith interpretations concerning the application of Code [Sections 280G and 4999]9]. The Company will bear the costs that the accounting firm may reasonably incur in connection with the calculations contemplated by this Section 4. The accounting firm’s determination will be binding on both Executive and the Company absent manifest error.